This post compiles various international legal mechanisms and human rights bodies that have instituted proceedings, passed resolutions, or released reports regarding Israel’s escalation of its “chronic, insidious genocide” in October 2023. These resources specifically focus on the escalation of genocide in Gaza.

International Criminal Court

The International Criminal Court (ICC) has an ongoing investigation into the “Situation in the State of Palestine.” The investigation was initially opened in 2021 after the Pre-Trial Chamber finding that “the Court could exercise its criminal jurisdiction in the Situation and, by majority, that the territorial scope of this jurisdiction extends to Gaza and the West Bank, including East Jerusalem.”

Focus: Crimes within the jurisdiction of the Court that are alleged to have been committed in the Situation since 13 June 2014, the date to which reference is made in the Referral of the Situation to the Office of the Prosecutor.

1. ICC Prosecutor announces an the opening of the investigation into the “Situation in the State of Palestine” [March 2021]
2. South Africa, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Comoros, and Djibouti make a referral to the Office of the Prosecutor [November 2023]
3. Chile and Mexico submit a referral to the Prosecutor [January 2024]
4. ICC Prosecutor files applications for warrants of arrest [May 2024]
5. ICC Pre-Trial Chamber issued arrest warrants for Benjamin Netanyahu (Prime Minister of Israel), Yoav Gallant (Minister of Defence of Israel), and Mohammed Diab Ibrahim Al-Masri (al-Qassam Brigades). This included the rejection of challenges by Israel. [November 2024]
6. Palestine’s Observations on Israel’s Request (challenging jurisdiction) [June 2025]
7. Israel’s “Request to Disqualify the Prosecutor and for Ancillary Remedies” [November 2025]

This is only a sample of the Court Documents related to Palestine from the ICC. You can see the full list here. The court also provides a list of questions and answers about the Situation in Palestine.

International Court of Justice

The International Court of Justice (ICJ) has considered Israel’s actions in Palestine multiple times, including in the 2004 Advisory Opinion “Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory” and the 2024 Advisory Opinion “Legal Consequences arising from the Policies and Practices of Israel in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem.” The Court now also is / has considered three cases regarding Israel’s genocide, which are detailed below:

Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide in the Gaza Strip (South Africa v. Israel)

1. South Africa initiates proceedings against Israel including a request for provisional measures [December 2023]
2. ICJ Order in response to Public Hearings [January 2024]
3. South Africa requests the indication / modification of measures [February 2024 and March 2024]
4. ICJ Order on request for the modification of provisional measures [March 2024]
5. Colombia files a declaration of intervention [April 2024]
6. South Africa requests the indication / modification of measures [May 2024]
7. Libya files a declaration of intervention [May 2024]
8. ICJ Order on request for modification of provisional measures [May 2024]
9. Mexico files a declaration of intervention [May 2024]
10. Palestine files a declaration of intervention [June 2024]
11. Spain files a declaration of intervention [June 2024]
12. Turkiye files a declaration of intervention [August 2024]
13. Chile files a declaration of intervention [September 2024]
14. The Maldives files a declaration of intervention [October 2024]
15. Bolivia files a declaration of intervention [October 2024]
16. Ireland files a declaration of intervention [January 2025]
17. Cuba files a declaration of intervention [January 2025]
18. Belize files a declaration of intervention [January 2025]
19. Brazil files a declaration of intervention [September 2025]
20. ICJ Order for a time-limit extension for Israel [April 2025 and October 2025]
21. Comoros files a declaration of intervention [October 2025]

Law 4 Palestine provides a summary of all Third State submissions.

Alleged Breaches of Certain International Obligations in respect of the Occupied Palestinian Territory (Nicaragua v. Germany)

1. Nicaragua institutes proceedings against Israel including a request for provisional measures [March 2024]
2. ICJ Order in response to Public Hearings [April 2024]
3. Germany raised preliminary objections [October 2025]

Obligations of Israel in relation to the Presence and Activities of the United Nations, Other International Organizations and Third States in and in relation to the Occupied Palestinian Territory

1. Request for Advisory Opinion from the UNGA [December 2024]
2. Material related to the request for an Advisory Opinion [January 2025]
3. Written statements provided by Chile, Malaysia, Russia, Turkiye, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Pakistan, Palestine, Qatar, Slovenia, Kuwait, Philippines, Hungary, South Africa, Namibia, Ireland, Maldives, Jordan, Luxembourg, Bolivia, Algeria, League of Arab States, Belgium, Vanuatu, Tunisia, Egypt, Iceland, Israel, France, Poland, Colombia, Indonesia, China, Netherlands, Brazil, Senegal, US, Iran, Bangladesh, Comoros, Norway, Mexico, African Union [February and March 2025]
4. ICJ Advisory Opinion [October 2025]

UN Resolutions and Reports

The UN General Assembly (UNGA), UN Security Council (UNSC), and many other UN bodies / experts have passed resolutions or released reports relating to Israel’s occupation of Palestine. Some of these resolutions relate to the escalation of genocide in Gaza since 2023. You can also find more information about Canada’s voting record on Palestine at the UNGA here. Here are some resolutions and reports that have been passed / released over the last 2+ years.

UNGA Resolutions

1. Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations [October 2023 and December 2023]
2. Advisory opinion of the International Court of Justice on the legal consequences arising from Israel’s policies and practices in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and from the illegality of Israel’s continued presence in the Occupied Palestinian Territory [September 2024]
3. Support for the mandate of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East [December 2024]
4. Demand for ceasefire in Gaza [December 2024]
5. Protection of civilians and upholding legal and humanitarian obligations [June 2025]

UNSC Resolutions

1. Resolution 2712: Demand compliance with international law, release of hostages, and humanitarian aid [November 2023]
2. Resolution 2720: Reiterating the November 2023 Resolution re: international law [December 2023]
3. Resolution 2722: Condemning and demanding an end to the Houthi attacks / blockade [January 2024 and extended in June 2024, January 2025, July 2025, and added to in November 2025]
4. Resolution 2730: Calling for respect for international law re: safety of humanitarian / UN personnel [May 2024]
5. Resolution 2803: Approval of the “Plan to End the Gaza Conflict” [November 2025] Find a full analysis here.

UN Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and Israel

1. Implementation of ICJ Advisory Opinion: State, GA, Security Council obligations [October 2024]
2. Israeli authorities and Israeli security forces have committed and are continuing to commit genocide against the Palestinians in the Gaza Strip [September 2025]

Special Rapporteur Reports

1. “Anatomy of a genocide” [July 2024]
2. “Genocide as colonial erasure” [October 2024]
3. “From economy of occupation to economy of genocide” [July 2025]
4. “Gaza Genocide: A Collective Crime” [October 2025]

Additional UN Reports

1. Indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks during the conflict in Gaza [June 2024]
2. Starvation and the right to food, with an emphasis on the Palestinian people’s food sovereignty [July 2024]
3. Detention in the context of the escalation of hostilities in Gaza [July 2024]
4. Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories [September 2024]
5. Six-month update report on the human rights situation in Gaza [November 2024]
6. Attacks on hospitals during the escalation of hostilities in Gaza [December 2024]
7. Report of the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [August 2025]
8. Report of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories [September 2025]

Other International Litigation

1. Canada: Arms Exports to Israel Challenge [CLAIHR]
2. Spain: Investigation into Spanish steel company for alleged crime of smuggling and complicity in a crime against humanity or genocide for the sale of products to the Israeli company Israel Mil Systems, the main arms supplier to the Israeli army [Spain’s High Court]
3. Netherlands: Serious risk that Israel is committing genocide in Gaza [PCHR]

Additional Resources

1. Anti-Palestinian Racism: Naming, Framing and Manifestations [ACLA]
2. Database of Genocidal Intent [Law 4 Palestine]
3. Palestinian Mortality Under Occupation: Israel as the Primary Driver of Death [Nadine Sayegh, Sari Chreiteh]
4. “My Grandmother Has Her Keys, Now I Have Mine”: Building a Database to Preserve Testimonies of Genocide in Gaza [Caitlin Procter]
5. A Textbook Case of Genocide [Raz Segal]
6. Voices of the Survivors: Testimonies Exposing Israeli War Crimes in Gaza [Mohammad al-Naami]
7. Israel/Palestine and Canada’s Empty Support for International Law [Alex Neve]
8. Documenting the Targeting and Destruction of the Health Sector in the Gaza Strip [Institute for Palestine Studies]
9. No to IHRA [Collective]
10. Genocide Denial in Holocaust Studies [Raz Segal]